Türkçe
Birth control pills have been shown to slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk may rise somewhat, especially with long-term use and when use begins at an early age. However, this increase generally returns to normal over time after use is discontinued.
Hormonal birth control methods affect estrogen and progesterone levels. These hormones may play a role in the development of hormone-positive breast cancer. The risk may vary depending on personal genetic factors and family history.
Studies show that the benefits provided by birth control pills—particularly their effects on regulating menstruation and reducing the risk of ovarian cancer—may outweigh the increased risk in some women. Therefore, the risk-benefit analysis should be performed individually.
In individuals at high risk for breast cancer, such as those with a BRCA mutation, hormonal birth control methods should be evaluated carefully. Medical advice should be obtained before making any decision, and mammography and clinical follow-up should not be neglected.
How Do Birth Control Pills Work?
Birth control pills mostly contain synthetic derivatives of the estrogen and progesterone hormones. These hormones suppress ovulation, make the inner lining of the uterus unsuitable for pregnancy, and help prevent pregnancy by changing cervical secretions. Although the fact that these hormones are also naturally present in the body means that these medications are not completely “foreign,” taking them regularly from an external source may produce different effects on certain tissues.
Breast tissue is sensitive to hormones. Therefore, the possible effects of hormone-containing medications on breast tissue have been investigated for many years.
Is There a Relationship with Breast Cancer Risk?
Scientific studies show that there may be a small and temporary relationship between the use of birth control pills and breast cancer risk. This relationship is generally explained as follows:
- People who currently use birth control pills or have stopped using them recently have been found to have a slightly higher likelihood of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis than those who have never used them.
- This increase does not mean a major rise in absolute risk; in other words, when considered at the general population level, the increase in risk is limited.
- As the years pass after the pill is discontinued, this small increase in risk decreases and eventually falls to a level similar to that of people who have never used it.
The important point here is that most of the available data demonstrate a statistical association. This does not mean that birth control pills directly cause breast cancer. Rather, the possibility that hormone-sensitive cells may accelerate an existing process is emphasized.
Is the Risk the Same for Everyone?
No. Breast cancer risk varies from person to person and cannot be explained solely by the use of birth control pills. The following factors may affect the total risk:
- A family history of breast cancer
- Genetic predisposition, such as BRCA gene mutations
- Age at first menstruation and age at menopause
- Childbirth status and breastfeeding history
- Alcohol use, weight status, and lifestyle
Therefore, it is not possible to define a single level of risk that applies to everyone who uses birth control pills. While the increase in risk associated with pill use is not considered clinically significant in some people, more careful evaluation may be required in others.
Is the Duration of Use Important?
Research shows that the relationship between duration of use and risk is complex. Although the increase in risk is thought to be slightly more noticeable with long-term use, this increase is not permanent. After the pill is discontinued, breast cancer risk decreases over time.
A common misconception here is the thought, “I used it for a long time, so my risk will now always remain high.” Current data do not support such a permanent effect. However, regular medical check-ups are still important if long-term use is planned.
Do Birth Control Pills Also Have Positive Effects?
The issue should not be evaluated solely in terms of breast cancer risk. Birth control pills are known to have a protective effect against certain types of cancer. In particular:
- Ovarian cancer
- Endometrial cancer
It has been shown that this protective effect may continue for many years even after pill use is discontinued. Therefore, while birth control pills may slightly increase certain risks, they may reduce other serious risks.
Why Are Breast Cancer Screenings Important?
Whether or not she uses birth control pills, every woman should avoid neglecting breast cancer screenings appropriate for her age and risk status. Breast self-awareness, clinical breast examination, and imaging methods when necessary are important for early diagnosis.
People using the pill are advised to consult a specialist without delay if they notice symptoms such as a new lump in the breast, a change in shape, skin retraction, or discharge. Although these symptoms are often caused by benign conditions, it is not appropriate to reach a definitive conclusion without an evaluation.
Who Requires More Careful Evaluation?
In some situations, a more detailed evaluation may be required before using birth control pills. In particular:
- Those with a strong family history
- Those who have previously been found to have a suspicious breast lesion
- Those known to carry a genetic risk
In these groups, the choice of contraceptive method is addressed individually. The most appropriate method is determined by evaluating the person’s general health condition and expectations together.
How Should the Decision-Making Process Proceed?
The choice of birth control method should be made by considering the overall benefit-risk balance rather than focusing on a single risk. For some people, birth control pills may improve quality of life, while different methods may be more appropriate for others.
What matters in this process is that concerns are expressed openly and that information is provided in light of scientific evidence. Generalizing or frightening statements found online may not reflect the individual’s personal situation.
Prof. Dr. Ebru Ayvazoğlu Soy is a physician known for her academic background and surgical experience in the field of general surgery. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1998, she completed her medical education at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine in 2005. She completed her residency training in the Department of General Surgery at Başkent University Faculty of Medicine in 2012, obtained the title of Associate Professor in 2019, and became a Professor in 2024. She currently serves as a faculty member in the Department of General Surgery at Ankara Medipol University Faculty of Medicine. With nearly 100 publications in international indexed journals and numerous scientific presentations, Prof. Dr. Ayvazoğlu Soy is a member of the International College of Surgeons, The Transplantation Society, Turkish Surgical Association and the Ankara Surgical Association. In addition to her academic position at Ankara Medipol University, she also sees patients in her private clinic in Çankaya, specializing in general surgery, breast surgery, and endocrine surgery.
